# How to use post-processing

Many three.js applications render their 3D objects directly to the screen. Sometimes, however, you want to apply one or more graphical effects like Depth-Of-Field, Bloom, Film Grain or various types of Anti-aliasing. Post-processing is a widely used approach to implement such effects. First, the scene is rendered to a render target which represents a buffer in the video card's memory. In the next step one or more post-processing passes apply filters and effects to the image buffer before it is eventually rendered to the screen.

three.js provides a complete post-processing solution via [page:EffectComposer] to implement such a workflow.

## Workflow

The first step in the process is to import all necessary files from the examples directory. The guide assumes you are using the official [link:https://www.npmjs.com/package/three npm package] of three.js. For our basic demo in this guide we need the following files.

`import { EffectComposer } from 'three/addons/postprocessing/EffectComposer.js'; import { RenderPass } from 'three/addons/postprocessing/RenderPass.js'; import { GlitchPass } from 'three/addons/postprocessing/GlitchPass.js'; import { OutputPass } from 'three/addons/postprocessing/OutputPass.js';`

After all files are successfully imported, we can create our composer by passing in an instance of [page:WebGLRenderer].

`const composer = new EffectComposer( renderer );`

When using a composer, it's necessary to change the application's animation loop. Instead of calling the render method of [page:WebGLRenderer], we now use the respective counterpart of [page:EffectComposer].

`function animate() { requestAnimationFrame( animate ); composer.render(); }`

Our composer is now ready so it's possible to configure the chain of post-processing passes. These passes are responsible for creating the final visual output of the application. They are processed in order of their addition/insertion. In our example, the instance of `RenderPass` is executed first, then the instance of `GlitchPass` and finally `OutputPass`. The last enabled pass in the chain is automatically rendered to the screen. The setup of the passes looks like so:

`const renderPass = new RenderPass( scene, camera ); composer.addPass( renderPass ); const glitchPass = new GlitchPass(); composer.addPass( glitchPass ); const outputPass = new OutputPass(); composer.addPass( outputPass );`

`RenderPass` is normally placed at the beginning of the chain in order to provide the rendered scene as an input for the next post-processing step. In our case, `GlitchPass` is going to use these image data to apply a wild glitch effect. `OutputPass` is usually the last pass in the chain which performs sRGB color space conversion and tone mapping. Check out this [link:https://threejs.org/examples/webgl_postprocessing_glitch live example] to see it in action.

## Built-in Passes

You can use a wide range of pre-defined post-processing passes provided by the engine. They are located in the [link:https://github.com/mrdoob/three.js/tree/dev/examples/jsm/postprocessing postprocessing] directory.

## Custom Passes

Sometimes you want to write a custom post-processing shader and include it into the chain of post-processing passes. For this scenario, you can utilize `ShaderPass`. After importing the file and your custom shader, you can use the following code to setup the pass.

`import { ShaderPass } from 'three/addons/postprocessing/ShaderPass.js'; import { LuminosityShader } from 'three/addons/shaders/LuminosityShader.js'; // later in your init routine const luminosityPass = new ShaderPass( LuminosityShader ); composer.addPass( luminosityPass );`

The repository provides a file called [link:https://github.com/mrdoob/three.js/blob/master/examples/jsm/shaders/CopyShader.js CopyShader] which is a good starting code for your own custom shader. `CopyShader` just copies the image contents of the [page:EffectComposer]'s read buffer to its write buffer without applying any effects.