var identity = function (x) {
    return x;
};

var isArray = function (value) {
    return $.isArray(value);
};

var isObject = function (value) {
    return !isArray(value) && (value instanceof Object);
};

var isNumber = function (value) {
    return value instanceof Number;
};

var isFunction = function (value) {
    return value instanceof Function;
};

var indexOf = function (object, value) {
    return $.inArray(value, object);
};

var inArray = function (array, value) {
    return indexOf(array, value) !== -1;
};

var foreach = function (collection, callback) {
    for(var i in collection) {
        if(collection.hasOwnProperty(i)) {
            callback(collection[i], i, collection);
        }
    }
};


var last = function (array) {
    return array[array.length - 1];
};

var argumentsToArray = function (args) {
    return Array.prototype.slice.call(args);
};

var extend = function () {
    var extended = {};
    foreach(argumentsToArray(arguments), function (o) {
        foreach(o, function (val, key) {
            extended[key] = val;
        });
    });
    return extended;
};

var mapToArray = function (collection, callback) {
    var mapped = [];
    foreach(collection, function (value, key, coll) {
        mapped.push(callback(value, key, coll));
    });
    return mapped;
};

var mapToObject = function (collection, callback, keyCallback) {
    var mapped = {};
    foreach(collection, function (value, key, coll) {
        key = keyCallback ? keyCallback(key, value) : key;
        mapped[key] = callback(value, key, coll);
    });
    return mapped;
};

var map = function (collection, callback, keyCallback) {
    return isArray(collection) ?
        mapToArray(collection, callback) :
        mapToObject(collection, callback, keyCallback);
};

var pluck = function (arrayOfObjects, key) {
    return map(arrayOfObjects, function (val) {
        return val[key];
    });
};

var filter = function (collection, callback) {
    var filtered;

    if(isArray(collection)) {
        filtered = [];
        foreach(collection, function (val, key, coll) {
            if(callback(val, key, coll)) {
                filtered.push(val);
            }
        });
    }
    else {
        filtered = {};
        foreach(collection, function (val, key, coll) {
            if(callback(val, key, coll)) {
                filtered[key] = val;
            }
        });
    }

    return filtered;
};

var call = function (collection, functionName, args) {
    return map(collection, function (object, name) {
        return object[functionName].apply(object, args || []);
    });
};

//execute callback immediately and at most one time on the minimumInterval,
//ignore block attempts
var throttle = function (minimumInterval, callback) {
    var timeout = null;
    return function () {
        var that = this, args = arguments;
        if(timeout === null) {
            timeout = setTimeout(function () {
                timeout = null;
            }, minimumInterval);
            callback.apply(that, args);
        }
    };
};


var mixinPubSub = function (object) {
    object = object || {};
    var topics = {};

    object.publish = function (topic, data) {
        foreach(topics[topic], function (callback) {
            callback(data);
        });
    };

    object.subscribe = function (topic, callback) {
        topics[topic] = topics[topic] || [];
        topics[topic].push(callback);
    };

    object.unsubscribe = function (callback) {
        foreach(topics, function (subscribers) {
            var index = indexOf(subscribers, callback);
            if(index !== -1) {
                subscribers.splice(index, 1);
            }
        });
    };

    return object;
};